Which of the following methods ensures humane treatment of raptors during training?

Positive reinforcement is the correct method for ensuring humane treatment of raptors during training because it focuses on rewarding desirable behaviors rather than punishing unwanted ones. This approach enhances the bird's learning experience by making it more likely to repeat actions that result in a positive outcome, such as receiving food or praise. It creates a bond of trust and respect between the handler and the bird, fostering a positive training environment.

Using aversive methods, on the other hand, can lead to fear and anxiety in the bird, negatively affecting its mental and physical well-being. Keeping raptors in small cages restricts their natural behaviors and can lead to stress, while allowing flight only in closed environments limits their physical exercise and the development of flying skills essential to their well-being. Thus, these alternatives do not promote a humane or effective way to train raptors.